Professor Stephen Birch

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2017). Population needs, opportunity costs and economic methods for financial sustainability in health care systems. The future of health economics. (pp. 169-180) edited by Olivier Ethgen and Ulf Staginnus. New York, United States: Routledge.

Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (2013). Health economics. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. (pp. 915-917) edited by Marc Gellman and J. Rick Turner. New York, United States: Springer-Verlag.

Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (2013). Cost effectiveness. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. (pp. 512-515) edited by Marc Gellman and J. Rick Turner. New York, United States: Springer-Verlag.

Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (2013). Benefit evaluation in health economic studies. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. (pp. 204-208) edited by Marc Gellman and J. Rick Turner. New York, United States: Springer-Verlag.

Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (2012). Decision rules in economic evaluation revisted. The Elgar Companion to Health Economics. (pp. 528-538) edited by Andrew M. Jones. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.

Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (2011). The inconvenient truth of economic evaluation: Benefits forgone as a determinant of efficiency and implications for decision–making. Improving health and health care: Who is responsible? Who is accountable?. (pp. 606-622) edited by Bruce Rosen, Avi Israeli and Stephen Shortell. The Israel National Institute for Health Policy: Jerusalem, Israel.

Lessard, Chantale and Birch, Stephen (2010). Complex problems or simple solutions? Enhancing evidence-based economics to reflect reality. Evidence‐Based Decisions and Economics: Health Care, Social Welfare, Education and Criminal Justice. (pp. 162-172) edited by Ian Shemilt, Miranda Mugford, Luke Vale, Kevin Marsh and Cam Donaldson. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9781444320398.ch13

Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (2006). Decision rules in economic evaluation. The Elgar companion to health economics. (pp. 492-502) edited by Andrew M. Jones. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.

Jerrett, M., Eyles, J., Dufournaud, C. and Birch, S. (2005). Environmental determinants of health care expenditures. Research advances in environmental epidemiology. edited by R. Mohan. Kerala, India: Global Research Network.

Birch, S. and Gafni, A. (2004). Evidence-based health economics: answers in search of questions?. Evidence based medicine in its place. (pp. 50-61) edited by I. Kristiansen and Gavin Mooney. New York, NY, United States: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203493694

Birch, Stephen (2002). Making the problem fit the solution: evidence-based decision-making and "Dolly" economics. Evidence-based health economics. (pp. Unknown-Unknown) edited by Cam Donaldson, Miranda Mugford and Luke Vale. London, United Kingdom: BMJ Books.

Eyles, J., Birch, S. and Newbold, B. (1997). Access to family physician services in Canada. Small world: readings in sociology. (pp. 293-302) edited by L. Tepperman, J. Curtis, S. Wilson and A Wain. Scarborough, ON, Canada: Prentice Hall.

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (1996). Cost effectiveness and cost utility analyses: methods for the non-economic evaluation of health care programs and how we can do better. Managing technology in healthcare. (pp. 51-67) Boston, MA, United States: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1415-8_4

Birch, S. and Eyles, J. (1992). Equity and efficiency in health-care delivery: the distribution of health-care resources in Canada and its relationship to needs for care. Health Systems - The Challenge of Change. (pp. 97-100) Prague, Czech Republic: Omnipress.

Ryan, M. and Birch, S. (1992). Prescription charges in the UK: Lessons for Eastern Europe. Health Systems - The Challenge of Change. (pp. 728-731) edited by M. Chytil, G. Duru, W. von Eimeren and C. Flagle. Prague, Czech Republic: Omnipress.

Birch, S. and Stoddart, G. (1991). Incentives to be healthy: an economic model of health-related behaviour. Incentives in health systems. (pp. 169-187) edited by G. Lopez Casasnovas. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

Birch, S. and Maynard A. (1988). Regional equity in health care provision. System Science in Health Care: Health care system and actors. (pp. 203-206) Paris, France: Masson.

Birch, S. and Maynard, A. (1988). Performance indicators. Reshaping the National Health Service. (pp. 51-64) Oxford, United Kingdom: Transaction Books.

Birch, S. (1988). Testing for supplier-inducement in UK dentistry. System science in health care: health care system and actors. (pp. 685-688) edited by G. Duru, R. Englebrecht, C. Flagle and W. van Eimeren. Paris, France: Masson.

Rosser, R., Birch, S., Bond, H., Denford, J., Schacter, J. and Williams, A. (1986). The Cassel Hospital follow-up study. Psychosomatic Research. (pp. 49-54) edited by J. Lacey and D. Sturgeon. London, United Kingdom: John Libbey.

Birch, S. and Maynard, A. (1985). Public expenditure planning for health and personal social services. Public Expenditure Policy 1985-6. (pp. 223-242) edited by P. Cockle. London, United Kingdom: Macmillan.

Moore, Deborah, Nyakutsikwa, Blessing, Allen, Thomas, Lam, Emily, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, Pretty, Iain A. and Walsh, Tanya (2024). How effective and cost‐effective is water fluoridation for adults and adolescents? The LOTUS 10‐year retrospective cohort study. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 52 (4), 413-423. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12930

Moore, Deborah, Nyakutsikwa, Blessing, Allen, Thomas, Lam, Emily, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, Pretty, Iain A and Walsh, Tanya (2024). Effect of fluoridated water on invasive NHS dental treatments for adults: the LOTUS retrospective cohort study and economic evaluation. Public Health Research, 12 (5), 1-147. doi: 10.3310/rfqa3841

Mitchell, Amy E., Morawska, Alina, Casey, Emily, Forbes, Elana, Filus, Ania, Fraser, Jennifer, Rowell, David, Johnston, Aimee and Birch, Stephen (2024). Brief parenting intervention (Triple P) for families of children with eczema: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 49 (6), 429-441. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsae023

Gallagher, Jennifer E., Donaldson, Michael, Karki, Anup, Keat, Ross, Yeung, C. Albert, Roberts, William, Birch, Stephen, Listl, Stefan and Witton, Robert (2024). Modelling a consultant workforce for the United Kingdom: needs-based planning for dental public health. Community Dental Health, 40 (4), 233-241. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00045Gallagher09

Wang, Xin, Zheng, Caiyun, Wang, Yao, Birch, Stephen, Huang, Yixiang and Valentijn, Pim (2023). Patients’ and care professionals’ evaluation of the effect of a hospital group on integrated care in Chinese urban health systems: a propensity score matching and difference-in-differences regression approach. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 12 (1) 7897, 1-9. doi: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7897

Birch, Stephen and Nguyen, Lan (2023). Planning the future of oral health care workforce: moving beyond demographic change. Community Dental Health, 41 (1), 49-53. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00145Birch05

Gafni, Amiram, Mercuri, Mathew and Birch, Stephen (2023). The consideration of clinicians' time needed to treat by guideline developers is not a solution to the scarcity of healthcare resources problem. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 29 (8), 1240-1242. doi: 10.1111/jep.13901

Lenzen, Sabrina and Birch, Stephen (2023). From population numbers to population needs: Incorporating epidemiological change into health service planning in Australia. Social Science and Medicine, 328 115972, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115972

Zhang, Nan, Chang, Xuan, Liu, Ruyue, Zheng, Caiyun, Wang, Xin and Birch, Stephen (2023). General population preferences for cancer care in health systems of China: a discrete choice experiment. Cancer Medicine, 12 (6), 7485-7497. doi: 10.1002/cam4.5473

Bernardes, Christina M, Ekberg, Stuart, Birch, Stephen, Claus, Andrew, Bryant, Matthew, Meuter, Renata, Isua, Jermaine, Gray, Paul, Kluver, Joseph P, Malacova, Eva, Jones, Corey, Houkamau, Kushla, Taylor, Marayah, Lin, Ivan and Pratt, Gregory (2023). Yarning about pain: Evaluating communication training for health professionals at persistent pain services in Queensland, Australia. British Journal of Pain, 17 (3), 306-319. doi: 10.1177/20494637221149831

Bernardes, Christina Maresch, Houkamau, Kushla, Lin, Ivan, Taylor, Marayah, Birch, Stephen, Claus, Andrew, Bryant, Matthew, Meuter, Renata, Isua, Jermaine, Gray, Paul, Kluver, Joseph P, Jones, Corey, Ekberg, Stuart and Pratt, Gregory (2022). Communication and access to healthcare: Experiences of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people managing pain in Queensland, Australia. Frontiers in Pain Research, 3 1041968, 1-18. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1041968

Nyakutsikwa, Blessing, Allen, Thomas, Walsh, Tanya, Pretty, Iain, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin and Moore, Deborah (2022). Who are the 10%? Characteristics of the populations and communities receiving fluoridated water in England. Community Dental Health, 39 (4), 247-253. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00092Nyakutsikwa07

Wang, Xin, Li, Chaofan, Chen, Yuanqing, Zheng, Caiyun, Zhang, Fei, Huang, Yixiang and Birch, Stephen (2022). Relationships between job satisfaction, organizational commitment, burnout and job performance of healthcare professionals in a district-level health care system of Shenzhen, China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13 992258, 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992258

Wang, Xin, Zhu, Yingxian, Liu, Jia, Ma, Yuanzhu and Birch, Stephen (2022). Equity in maternal and child health care utilization in Guangdong province of China 2009–2019: A retrospective analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 10 963344, 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.963344

Sowa, P. Marcin and Birch, Stephen (2022). The effects of a sugar-sweetened beverage tax: moving beyond dental health outcomes and service utilisation. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 18 (2) PII S1744133122000147, 1-15. doi: 10.1017/s1744133122000147

Sowa, P. Marcin, Fooken, Jonas, McGowan, Kelly and Birch, Stephen (2022). Disposable and reusable instruments in dental health practice: a comparison of cost factors in a public provider organization in Queensland, Australia. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 51 (5), 794-803. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12764

Bernardes, Christina M., Ekberg, Stuart, Birch, Stephen, Meuter, Renata F. I., Claus, Andrew, Bryant, Matthew, Isua, Jermaine, Gray, Paul, Kluver, Joseph P., Williamson, Daniel, Jones, Corey, Houkamau, Kushla, Taylor, Marayah, Malacova, Eva, Lin, Ivan and Pratt, Gregory (2022). Clinician perspectives of communication with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders managing pain: needs and preferences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (3) 1572, 1-17. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031572

Charlson, Fiona, Ali, Suhailah, Augustinavicius, Jura, Benmarhnia, Tarik, Birch, Stephen, Clayton, Susan, Fielding, Kelly, Jones, Lynne, Juma, Damian, Snider, Leslie, Ugo, Victor, Zeitz, Lian, Jayawardana, Danusha, La Nauze, Andrea and Massazza, Alessandro (2022). Global priorities for climate change and mental health research. Environment International, 158 106984, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106984

Forbes, Roma, Dinsdale, Alana, Dunwoodie, Ruth, Birch, Stephen and Brauer, Sandra (2022). Weighing up the benefits and challenges of hosting physiotherapy student placements in private practice; a qualitative exploration. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 38 (6), 794-804. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2020.1799461

Pigott, A., Patterson, F., Birch, S., Oakley, P., Doig, E. and Impact of SRSD of Groups Placement Project Team (2022). The health service impact of an occupational therapy practice placement model: Student-resourced service delivery of groups. Focus On Health Professional Education, 23 (2), 21-34. doi: 10.11157/fohpe.v23i2.525

Hill, Harry, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, Petty, Iain and Goldthorpe, Joanna (2021). An eReferral management and triage system for minor oral surgery referrals from primary care dentists: a cost-effectiveness evaluation. BMC Health Services Research, 21 (1) 781, 781. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06775-9

Bernardes, Christina M., Lin, Ivan, Birch, Stephen, Meuter, Renata, Claus, Andrew, Bryant, Matthew, Isua, Jermaine, Gray, Paul, Kluver, Joseph P., Ekberg, Stuart and Pratt, Gregory (2021). Study protocol: Clinical yarning, a communication training program for clinicians supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients with persistent pain: A multicentre intervention feasibility study using mixed methods. Public Health in Practice, 3 100221, 100221. doi: 10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100221

Chia, Ruo Xin, Gomersall, Sjaan R., Fooken, Jonas, Birch, Stephen, Dinsdale, Alana, Dunwoodie, Ruth and Forbes, Roma (2021). Physiotherapy student clinical placements in Australian private practice: patient‐reported outcomes with supervised student care. Physiotherapy Research International, 27 (1) e1929, 1-9. doi: 10.1002/pri.1929

Wang, Xin, Song, Kuimeng, Chen, Lijin, Huang, Yixiang and Birch, Stephen (2021). Eliciting preferences of providers in primary care settings for post hospital discharge patient follow-up. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (16) 8317, 8317. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168317

Tuffaha, Haitham, Rothery, Claire, Kunst, Natalia, Jackson, Chris, Strong, Mark and Birch, Stephen (2021). A Review of Web-Based Tools for Value-of-Information Analysis. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 19 (5), 645-651. doi: 10.1007/s40258-021-00662-4

Patterson, Freyr, Doig, Emmah, Fleming, Jenny, Strong, Jenny, Birch, Stephen, Whitehead, Mary, Laracy, Sue, Fitzgerald, Cate, Tornatore, Giovanna, McKenzie, Amy, Searles, Jacqueline and Pigott, Amanda (2021). Student-resourced service delivery of occupational therapy rehabilitation groups: patient, clinician and student perspectives about the ingredients for success. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44 (18), 1-12. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1922517

Wang, Xin, Birch, Stephen, Chen, Lijin, Huang, Yixiang and Valentijn, Pim (2021). A validation study of the rainbow model of integrated care-measurement tool for patients in China. International Journal of Integrated Care, 21 (2) 5, 5. doi: 10.5334/ijic.5603

Forbes, Roma, Dinsdale, Alana, Brauer, Sandra G., Dunwoodie, Ruth, Fooken, Jonas, Khanna, Diana and Birch, Stephen (2021). Hosting pre-registration physiotherapy students in Australian private practices does not change service and economic outcomes; an economic analysis. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 52 102318, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102318

Sendi, Pedram, Gafni, Amiram, Birch, Stephen and Walter, Stephen D. (2021). Incorporating portfolio uncertainty in decision rules for healthcare resource allocation. Healthcare, 9 (3) 325, 325. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9030325

Birch, Stephen, Ahern, Susan, Brocklehurst, Paul, Chikte, Usuf, Gallagher, Jennifer, Listl, Stefan, Lalloo, Ratilal, O'Malley, Lucy, Rigby, Janet, Tickle, Martin, Tomblin Murphy, Gail and Woods, Noel (2021). Planning the oral health workforce: time for innovation. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 49 (1), 17-22. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12604

Moore, Deborah, Allen, Thomas, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, Walsh, Tanya and Pretty, Iain A. (2021). How effective and cost-effective is water fluoridation for adults? Protocol for a 10-year retrospective cohort study. BDJ Open, 7 (1) 3, 1-9. doi: 10.1038/s41405-021-00062-9

Vernazza, C. R., Birch, S. and Pitts, N. B. (2021). Reorienting oral health services to prevention: economic perspectives. Journal of Dental Research, 100 (6), 22034520986794-582. doi: 10.1177/0022034520986794

O’Malley, L., Macey, R., Allen, T., Brocklehurst, P., Thomson, F., Rigby, J., Lalloo, R., Tomblin Murphy, G., Birch, S. and Tickle, M. (2020). Workforce Planning Models for Oral Health Care: A Scoping Review. JDR Clinical & Translational Research, 7 (1) 238008442097958, 238008442097958-24. doi: 10.1177/2380084420979585

Birch, Stephen (2020). Modelling the economic impact of COVID19 under different policy choices: Mitigation versus suppression when time is a scarce resource. SSM - Population Health, 12 100667, 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100667

Spinks, Jean, Birch, Stephen, Wheeler, Amanda J., Nissen, Lisa, Freeman, Christopher, Thai, Thao and Byrnes, Joshua (2020). Provision of home medicines reviews in Australia: linking population need with service provision and available pharmacist workforce. Australian Health Review, 44 (6), 973-982. doi: 10.1071/ah19207

Bisnauth, Melanie A., Coovadia, Ashraf, Mbuagbaw, Lawrence, Wilson, Michael G. and Birch, Stephen (2020). Option B+ Program for the Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIV: A Case Study in Johannesburg, South Africa. Frontiers in Public Health, 8 533534, 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.533534

Forbes, Roma, Dinsdale, Alana, Dunwoodie, Ruth, Birch, Stephen and Brauer, Sandy (2020). Exploring strategies used by physiotherapy private practices in hosting student clinical placements. Australian Journal of Clinical Education, 7 (1). doi: 10.53300/001c.17206

Connelly, Luke B. and Birch, Stephen (2020). Sustainability of publicly funded health care systems: what does behavioural economics offer?. PharmacoEconomics, 38 (12), 1289-1295. doi: 10.1007/s40273-020-00955-x

Birch, Stephen, Gibson, Jon and McBride, Anne (2020). Opportunities for, and implications of, skill mix changes in health care pathways: pay, productivity and practice variations in a needs-based planning framework. Social Science and Medicine, 250 112863, 112863. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112863

Brocklehurst, Paul, Tickle, Martin, Birch, Stephen, McDonald, Ruth, Walsh, Tanya, Goodwin, Tom Lloyd, Hill, Harry, Howarth, Elizabeth, Donaldson, Michael, O’Carolan, Donncha, Fitzpatrick, Sandy, McCrory, Gillian and Slee, Carolyn (2020). Impact of changing provider remuneration on NHS general dental practitioner services in Northern Ireland: a mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 8 (6), 1-138. doi: 10.3310/hsdr08060

Duncan, Laura, Georgiades, Katholiki, Reid, Graham J., Comeau, Jinette, Birch, Stephen, Wang, Li and Boyle, Michael H. (2020). Area-level variation in children’s unmet need for community-based mental health services: findings from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 47 (5), 665-679. doi: 10.1007/s10488-020-01016-3

Hill, Harry, Howarth, Elizabeth, Walsh, Tanya, Tickle, Martin, Birch, Stephen and Brocklehurst, Paul (2020). The impact of changing provider remuneration on clinical activity and quality of care: evaluation of a pilot NHS contract in Northern Ireland. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 48 (5) cdoe.12544, 395-401. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12544

Connelly, Luke and Birch, Stephen (2020). Answers in search of questions: what does the comparison of COVID19 data among regions in Northern Italy tell us?. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 17 (2), 1-3. doi: 10.1017/S1744133120000377

Wang, Xin, Song, Kuimeng, Zhu, Paiyi, Valentijn, Pim, Huang, Yixiang and Birch, Stephen (2019). How do type 2 diabetes patients value urban integrated primary care in China? Results of a discrete choice experiment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (1) 117, 117. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010117

Listl, S., Grytten, J. I. and Birch, S. (2019). What is health economics?. Community Dental Health, 36 (4), 262-274. doi: 10.1922/CDH_4581Listl13

Wang, Xin, Huang, Yixiang and Birch, Stephen (2019). People engagement in health-care system transition in China. The Lancet Public Health, 4 (9), e446-e446. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30106-9

McAvoy, Susan, Staib, Andrew and Birch, Stephen (2019). Models of evaluation under ceteris imparibus: System dynamics and the example of emergency care. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 37 (2), 211-222. doi: 10.1002/sres.2615

Ahern, Susan, Woods, Noel, Kalmus, Olivier, Birch, Stephen and Listl, Stefan (2019). Needs-based planning for the oral health workforce - Development and application of a simulation model. Human Resources for Health, 17 (1) 55, 55. doi: 10.1186/s12960-019-0394-0

Srivastava, A., Esfandiari, S., Madathil, S. A., Birch, S. and Feine, J. S. (2019). Willingness to pay for mandibular overdentures: A societal perspective. JDR Clinical and Translational Research, 5 (1), 2380084419849870-39. doi: 10.1177/2380084419849870

Birch, Stephen (2019). Demand-based models and market failure in health care: projecting shortages and surpluses in doctors and nurses. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 14 (2), 1-3. doi: 10.1017/S1744133118000336

Duncan, Laura, Georgiades, Katholiki, Birch, Stephen, Comeau, Jinette, Wang, Li and Boyle, Michael H. (2019). Children’s mental health need and expenditures in Ontario: findings from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64 (4), 275-284. doi: 10.1177/0706743719830036

Wilson, Donna M., Shen, Ye and Birch, Stephen (2019). Who Are High Users of Hospitals in Canada? Findings From a Population-Based Study. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 51 (4), 245-254. doi: 10.1177/0844562119833584

Milinkovic, Deborah A., Birch, Stephen, Scott, Fran, Newbold, K. Bruce, Hopkins, Jessica, Saffie, Muntasir and Essue, Beverley M. (2019). Low prioritization of latent tuberculosis infection-A systemic barrier to tuberculosis control: A qualitative study in Ontario, Canada. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34 (1), 384-395. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2670

Wang, Xin, Sun, Xizhuo, Birch, Stephen, Gong, Fangfang, Valentijn, Pim, Chen, Lijin, Zhang, Yong, Huang, Yixiang and Yang, Hongwei (2018). People-centred integrated care in urban China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96 (12), 843-852. doi: 10.2471/BLT.18.214908

Wilson, Donna M., Shen, Ye, Errasti-Ibarrondo, Begona and Birch, Stephen (2018). The location of death and dying across Canada: a study illustrating the socio-political context of death and dying. Societies, 8 (4) 112, 112. doi: 10.3390/soc8040112

Wang, Xin, Sun, Xizhuo, Gong, Fangfang, Huang, Yixiang, Chen, Lijin, Zhang, Yong and Birch, Stephen (2018). The Luohu model: a template for integrated urban healthcare systems in China. International Journal of Integrated Care, 18 (4) 3, 3. doi: 10.5334/ijic.3955

Wilson, Donna M. and Birch, Stephen (2018). A scoping review of research to assess the frequency, types, and reasons for end-of-life care setting transitions. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48 (4), 1-6. doi: 10.1177/1403494818785042

Maier, Claudia B., Batenburg, Ronald, Birch, Stephen, Zander, Britta, Elliott, Robert and Busse, Reinhard (2018). Health workforce planning: which countries include nurse practitioners and physician assistants and to what effect?. Health Policy, 122 (10), 1085-1092. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.07.016

Saengow, Udomsak, Birch, Stephen, Geater, Alan and Chongsuwiwatvong, Virasakdi (2018). Willingness to pay for colorectal cancer screening and effect of copayment in Southern Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19 (6), 1727-1734. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.6.1727

Essue, Beverley M., Milinkovic, Deborah and Birch, Stephen (2018). Better data to drive more effective care for people with latent tuberculosis infection in Canada. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 190 (23), E700-E701. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.180488

O'Malley, Lucy, Worthington, Helen V., Donaldson, Michael, O'Neil, Ciaran, Birch, Stephen, Noble, Solveig, Killough, Seamus, Murphy, Lynn, Greer, Margaret, Brodison, Julie, Verghis, Rejina and Tickle, Martin (2018). Oral health behaviours of parents and young children in a practice-based caries prevention trial in Northern Ireland. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 46 (3), 251-257. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12357

Maier, Claudia B., Köppen, Julia, Busse, Reinhard, Bond, Christine, Elliott, Robert, Bruhn, Hanne, Mclaggan, Debbie, Archibald, Daryll, Ryan, Mandy, Skatun, Diane, Heidenreich, Sebastian, Vlcek, Frantisek, Zvonickova, Marie, Hodyc, Daniel, Svobodová, Hana, Sutton, Matthew, Gibson, Jonathan, McBride, Anne, McDonald, James, Birch, Steve, Zander, Britta, Stahl, Juliane, Coretti, Silvia, Codella, Paola, Ruggeri, Matteo, van Exel, Job, de Bont, Antoinette, Luyendjk, Marianne, Wallenburg, Iris ... Güldem Ökem, Z. (2018). Task shifting between physicians and nurses in acute care hospitals: cross-sectional study in nine countries. Human Resources for Health, 16 (1) 24, 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12960-018-0285-9

Wilson, Donna M. and Birch, Stephen (2018). Moving from place to place in the last year of life: a qualitative study identifying care setting transition issues and solutions in Ontario. Health and Social Care in the Community, 26 (2), 232-239. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12513

Liu, Yisi , Birch, Stephen , Newbold, K. Bruce and Essue, Beverley M. (2018). Barriers to treatment adherence for individuals with latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic search and narrative synthesis of the literature. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33 (2), e416-e433. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2495

Christell, Helena, Birch, Stephen, Bondemark, Lars, Horner, Keith, Lindh, Christina and The SEDENTEXCT consortium (2018). The impact of cone beam CT on financial costs and orthodontists' treatment decisions in the management of maxillary canines with eruption disturbance. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40 (1), 65-73. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjx039

Goldthorpe, Joanna, Walsh, Tanya, Tickle, Martin, Birch, Stephen, Hill, Harry, Sanders, Caroline, Coulthard, Paul and Pretty, Iain A (2018). An evaluation of a referral management and triage system for oral surgery referrals from primary care dentists: a mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 6 (8), 1-126. doi: 10.3310/hsdr06080

Price, Juliet, Whittaker, William, Birch, Stephen, Brocklehurst, Paul and Tickle, Martin (2017). Socioeconomic disparities in orthodontic treatment outcomes and expenditure on orthodontics in England's state-funded National Health Service: a retrospective observational study. BMC Oral Health, 17 (1) 123, 123. doi: 10.1186/s12903-017-0414-1

Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Birch, Stephen, Mackenzie, Adrian, Rigby, Janet and Langley, Joanne (2017). An integrated needs-based approach to health service and health workforce planning: applications for pandemic influenza. Healthcare Policy, 13 (1), 28-42. doi: 10.12927/hcpol.2017.25193

Hill, Harry, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, McDonald, Ruth and Brocklehurst, Paul (2017). The technical efficiency of oral healthcare provision: Evaluating role substitution in National Health Service dental practices in England. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 45 (4), 310-316. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12292

Mason, Thomas, Jones, Cheryl, Sutton, Matt, Konstantakopoulou, Evgenia, Edgar, David F., Harper, Robert A., Birch, Stephen and Lawrenson, John G. (2017). Retrospective economic analysis of the transfer of services from hospitals to the community: an application to an enhanced eye care service. BMJ Open, 7 (7) e014089, e014089. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014089

Tickle, M., O'Neill, C., Donaldson, M., Birch, S., Noble, S., Killough, S., Murphy, L., Greer, M., Brodison, J., Verghis, R. and Worthington, H. V. (2017). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Caries Prevention in Dental Practice. Journal of Dental Research, 96 (7), 741-746. doi: 10.1177/0022034517702330

Wilson, Donna M., Shen, Ye and Birch, Stephen (2017). New Evidence on End-of-Life Hospital Utilization for Enhanced Health Policy and Services Planning. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 20 (7), 752-758. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2016.0490

O'Neill, C., Worthington, H. V., Donaldson, M., Birch, S., Noble, S., Killough, S., Murphy, L., Greer, M., Brodison, J., Verghis, R. and Tickle, M. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of caries prevention in practice: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dental Research, 96 (8), 875-880. doi: 10.1177/0022034517708968

Hill, Harry, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, McDonald, Ruth and Brocklehurst, Paul (2017). Productive efficiency and its determinants in the Community Dental Service in the north-west of England. Community Dental Health, 34 (2), 102-106. doi: 10.1922/CDH_4028Hill05

Birch, Stephen, Murphy, Gail Tomblin, MacKenzie, Adrian, Whittaker, William and Mason, Thomas (2017). Will the Need-Based Planning of Health Human Resources Currently Undertaken in Several Countries Lead to Excess Supply and Inefficiency? A Comment on Basu and Pak. Health Economics, 26 (6), 818-821. doi: 10.1002/hec.3370

Hill, Harry, Birch, Stephen, Tickle, Martin, McDonald, Ruth, Donaldson, Michael, O'Carolan, Donncha and Brocklehurst, Paul (2017). Does capitation affect the delivery of oral healthcare and access to services? Evidence from a pilot contact in Northern Ireland. BMC Health Services Research, 17 (1) 175, 175. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2117-3

Tomblin Murphy, Gail, Birch, Stephen, MacKenzie, Adrian, Rigby, Janet and Purkis, Mary Ellen (2017). The drive towards sustainable health systems needs an alignment: Where are the innovations in health systems planning?. Healthcare Papers, 16 (3), 40-46. doi: 10.12927/hcpap.2017.25081

Shearer, James, Byford, Sarah and Birch, Steve (2017). Reflections On the Nice Decision to Reject Patient Production Losses. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 33 (6), 638-643. doi: 10.1017/S0266462317000952

Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Shirodkar, Umesh, Rajivlochan, Meeta and Birch, Stephen (2017). Appropriateness-based reimbursement of elective invasive coronary procedures in low- and middle-income countries: Preliminary assessment of feasibility in India. National Medical Journal of India, 30 (1), 11-14.

Wojkowski, Sarah, Richardson, Julie, Chowhan, James, Boyle, Michael and Birch, Stephen (2016). Unmet Needs Reported by Adults with Chronic Conditions: An Analysis of Data From the Canadian Community Health Survey. International Journal of Physiotherapy, 3 (6), 613-623. doi: 10.15621/ijphy/2016/v3i6/124726

Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Birch, Stephen, MacKenzie, Adrian and Rigby, Janet (2016). Simulating future supply of and requirements for human resources for health in high-income OECD countries. Human Resources for Health, 14 (1) 77, 77. doi: 10.1186/s12960-016-0168-x

de Bont, Antoinette, van Exel, Job, Coretti, Silvia, Okem, Zeynep Guldem, Janssen, Maarten, Hope, Kristin Lofthus, Ludwicki, Tomasz, Zander, Britta, Zvonickova, Marie, Bond, Christine, Wallenburg, Iris, MUNROS Team and Birch, Stephen (2016). Reconfiguring health workforce: a case-based comparative study explaining the increasingly diverse professional roles in Europe. BMC Health Services Research, 16 (1) 637. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1898-0

Wojkowski, Sarah , Smith, Jenna , Julie Richardson, Stephen Birch and Michael Boyle (2016). A scoping review of need and unmet need for community based physiotherapy in Canada. Journal of Critical Reviews, 3 (4), 17-23. doi: 10.22159/jcr.2016v3i4.14130

Wang, Xin, Birch, Stephen, Zhu, Weiming, Ma, Huifen, Embrett, Mark and Meng, Qingyue (2016). Coordination of care in the Chinese health care systems: a gap analysis of service delivery from a provider perspective. BMC Health Services Research, 16 (1) 571, 571-11. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1813-8

Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Birch, Stephen, MacKenzie, Adrian, Bradish, Stephanie and Rose, Annette Elliott (2016). A synthesis of recent analyses of human resources for health requirements and labour market dynamics in high-income OECD countries. Human Resources for Health, 14 (1) 59, 59. doi: 10.1186/s12960-016-0155-2

Wang, Xin, Birch, Stephen, Ma, Huifen, Zhu, Weiming and Meng, Qingyue (2016). The Structure and Effectiveness of Health Systems: Exploring the Impact of System Integration in Rural China. International Journal of Integrated Care, 16 (3) 6, 6. doi: 10.5334/ijic.2197

Tickle, Martin, O'Neill, Ciaran, Donaldson, Michael, Birch, Stephen, Noble, Solveig, Killough, Seamus, Murphy, Lynn, Greer, Margaret, Brodison, Julie, Verghis, Rejina and Worthington, Helen V. (2016). A randomised controlled trial to measure the effects and costs of a dental caries prevention regime for young children attending primary care dental services: the Northern Ireland Caries Prevention In Practice (NIC-PIP) trial. Health Technology Assessment, 20 (71), 1-96. doi: 10.3310/hta20710

Birch, S., Price, R., Andreou, P., Jones, G. and Portolesi, A. (2016). Variations in survival time for amalgam and resin composite restorations: a population based cohort analysis. Community Dental Health, 33 (3), 204-208. doi: 10.1922/CDH_3825Birch05

Brocklehurst, Paul, Birch, Stephen, McDonald, Ruth, Hill, Harry, O’Malley, Lucy, Macey, Richard and Tickle, Martin (2016). Determining the optimal model for role substitution in NHS dental services in the UK: a mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 4 (22), 1-118. doi: 10.3310/hsdr04220

Birch, Stephen, Govender, Veloshnee, Fried, Jana, Eyles, John, Daries, Vanessa, Moshabela, Mosa and Cleary, Susan (2016). Does treatment collection and observation each day keep the patient away? An analysis of the determinants of adherence among patients with Tuberculosis in South Africa. Health Policy and Planning, 31 (4), 454-461. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czv084

Essue, Beverley M. and Birch, Stephen (2016). Blunt Policy Instruments Deliver Blunt Policy Outcomes: Why Cost Sharing is Not Effective at Controlling Utilization and Improving Health System Efficiency. Medical Care, 54 (2), 107-109. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000500

Bond, Christine, Bruhn, Hanne, de Bont, Antoinette, van Exel, Job, Busse, Reinhard, Sutton, Matthew, Elliott, Robert, MUNROS team and Birch, Stephen (2016). The iMpact on practice, oUtcomes and costs of New roles for health pROfeSsionals: a study protocol for MUNROS. BMJ Open, 6 (4), e010511. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010511

Whittaker, William, Birch, Stephen, MacKenzie, Adrian and Murphy, Gail Tomblin (2016). Cohort effects on the need for health care and implications for health care planning in Canada. Health Policy, 120 (1), 81-88. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.10.007

Browne, Gina, Birch, Stephen and Thabane, Lehana (2015). Better Care and Better Value for Canadians: A Review of RCT Studies of Nurse Interventions. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 47 (4), 41-60. doi: 10.1177/084456211504700403

Birch, Stephen, Bridgman, Colette, Brocklehurst, Paul, Ellwood, Roger, Gomez, Juliana, Helgeson, Michael, Ismail, Amid, Macey, Richard, Mariotti, Angelo, Twetman, Svante, Preshaw, Philip M., Pretty, Iain A. and Whelton, Helen (2015). Prevention in practice - a summary. BMC Oral Health, 15 (S1) S12, S12. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S12

Birch, Stephen (2015). Paying for prevention in clinical practice: Aligning provider remuneration with system objectives. BMC Oral Health, 15 (s1) S7, S7. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S7

Saengow, Udomsak , Chongsuwiwatvong, Virasakdi , Geater, Alan and Birch, Stephen (2015). Preferences and acceptance of colorectal cancer screening in Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16 (6), 2269-2276. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.6.2269

Govender, Veloshnee, Fried, Jana, Birch, Stephen, Chimbindi, Natsayi and Cleary, Susan (2015). Disability Grant: a precarious lifeline for HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 15 (1) 227. doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-0870-8

Mason, Thomas, Sutton, Matt, Whittaker, William and Birch, Stephen (2015). Exploring the limitations of age-based models for health care planning. Social Science & Medicine, 132, 11-19. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.005

Harrison, Mark, Birch, Stephen, Eden, Martin, Ramsden, Simon, Farragher, Tracey, Payne, Katherine, Hall, Georgina and Black, Graeme C. M. (2015). Variation in healthcare services for specialist genetic testing and implications for planning genetic services: the example of inherited retinal dystrophy in the English NHS. Journal of Community Genetics, 6 (2), 157-165. doi: 10.1007/s12687-014-0210-4

Birch, Stephen, Murphy, Gail Tomblin, MacKenzie, Adrian and Cumming, Jackie (2015). In place of fear: aligning health care planning with system objectives to achieve financial sustainability. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 20 (2), 109-114. doi: 10.1177/1355819614562053

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2015). On the margins of health economics: a response to 'resolving NICE'S nasty dilemma'. Health Economics Policy and Law, 10 (2), 183-193. doi: 10.1017/S1744133114000462

Pinto-Sanchez, Maria Ines, Verdu, Elena F., Gordillo, Maria C., Bai, Julio C., Birch, Stephen, Moayyedi, Paul and Bercik, Premysl (2015). Tax-deductible provisions for gluten-free diet in Canada compared with systems for gluten-free diet coverage available in various countries. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 29 (2), 104-110. doi: 10.1155/2015/508156

Christell, Helena, Birch, Stephen, Horner, Keith, Lindh, Christina and Rohlin, Madeleine (2014). Economic evaluation of diagnostic methods used in dentistry. A systematic review. Journal of Dentistry, 42 (11), 1361-1371. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.07.018

Donaldson, Cam and Birch, Stephen (2014). Inclusiveness and health economics: Reflections on the work of Gavin Mooney (1943-2012) Introduction. Social Science & Medicine, 108, 246-247. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.038

John Eyles, Olivia Lee and Stephen Birch (2014). Stigma and HIV/AIDS in South Africa: exploring respect and treatment adherence. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 4 (3), 311-329. doi: 10.9734/IJTDH/2014/6468

Christell, H., Birch, S., Hedesiu, M., Horner, K., Ivanauskaite, D., Nackaerts, O., Rohlin, M. and Lindh, C. (2014). Variation in costs of cone beam CT examinations among healthcare systems. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 41 (7), 571-577. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/22131776

Thomas, Roger E., Wilson, Donna M., Birch, Stephen and Woytowich, Boris (2014). Examining End-of-Life Case Management: Systematic Review. Nursing Research and Practice, 2014, 1-14. doi: 10.1155/2014/651681

Mercuri, Mathew, Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2013). Using small-area variations to inform health care service planning: what do we 'need' to know?. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 19 (6), 1054-1059. doi: 10.1111/jep.12026

Brocklehurst, Paul, Price, Juliet, Glenny, Anne-Marie, Tickle, Martin, Birch, Stephen, Mertz, Elizabeth and Grytten, Jostein (2013). The effect of different methods of remuneration on the behaviour of primary care dentists. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013 (11) CD009853, CD009853. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009853.pub2

Gafni, Amiram, Walter, Stephen and Birch, Stephen (2013). Uncertainty and the Decision Maker: Assessing and Managing the Risk of Undesirable Outcomes. Health Economics, 22 (11), 1287-1294. doi: 10.1002/hec.2883

Asmild, Mette, Hollingsworth, Bruce and Birch, Stephen (2013). The scale of hospital production in different settings: one size does not fit all. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 40 (2), 197-206. doi: 10.1007/s11123-012-0332-9

Brocklehurst, Paul, Birch, Stephen, McDonald, Ruth and Tickle, Martin (2013). Determining the optimal model for role-substitution in NHS dental services in the United Kingdom. BMC Oral Health, 13 (1) 46. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-13-46

Birch, Stephen, Mason, Thomas, Sutton, Matthew and Whittaker, William (2013). Not enough doctors or not enough needs? Refocusing health workforce planning from providers and services to populations and needs. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 18 (2), 107-113. doi: 10.1177/1355819612473592

Ebrahim, Shanil, Busse, Jason W., Guyatt, Gordon H. and Birch, Stephen (2013). Managing moral hazard in motor vehicle accident insurance claims. Journal of Public Health Policy, 34 (2), 320-329. doi: 10.1057/jphp.2013.11

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2013). When science gets in the way of policy: economic evaluation of health care. International Journal of Science in Society, 4 (4), 65-75.

Cleary, Susan, Birch, Steve, Chimbindi, Natsayi, Silal, Sheetal and McIntyre, Di (2013). Investigating the affordability of key health services in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 80, 37-46. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.035

Wilson, Donna M., Houttekier, Dirk, Kunju, Sabu Aliyar, Birch, Stephen, Cohen, Joachim, MacLeod, Rod and Hewitt, Jessica A. (2013). A population-based study on advance directive completion and completion intention among citizens of the western Canadian province of Alberta. Journal of Palliative Care, 29 (1), 5-12. doi: 10.1177/082585971302900102

Listl, Stefan and Birch, Stephen (2013). Reconsidering value for money in periodontal treatment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 40 (4), 345-348. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12085

Fried, Jana, Sunderji, Alia, Birch, Steve and Eyles, John (2013). The reason that I did not go - determinants of the use of antenatal care services in South Africa, two decades after the end of apartheid. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 47 (1), 27-50. doi: 10.1080/00083968.2013.770340

Wilson, Donna M., Birch, Stephen, MacLeod, Rod, Dhanji, Nurin, Osei-Waree, Jane and Cohen, Joachim (2012). The public's viewpoint on the right to hastened death in Alberta, Canada: Findings from a population survey study. Health & Social Care in the Community, 21 (2), 200-208. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12007

Whittaker, William and Birch, Stephen (2012). Provider incentives and access to dental care: evaluating NHS reforms in England. Social Science and Medicine, 75 (12), 2515-2521. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.035

Greenspoon, Jeffrey N., O'Reilly, Daria, Wright, James R., Whitton, Anthony, Sussman, Jonathan and Birch, Stephen (2012). Technology resource planning in radiation oncology: Application of a needs-based analytic framework to radiosurgery planning in ontario. Journal of Oncology Practice, 8 (6), 358-362. doi: 10.1200/JOP.2012.000617

Schneider, Helen, Govender, Veloshnee, Harris, Bronwyn, Cleary, Susan, Moshabela, Mosa and Birch, Stephen (2012). Gender differences in experiences of ART services in South Africa: A mixed methods study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17 (7), 820-826. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03009.x

Christell, Helena, Birch, Stephen, Horner, Keith, Rohlin, Madeleine and Lindh, Christina (2012). A framework for costing diagnostic methods in oral health care: An application comparing a new imaging technology with the conventional approach for maxillary canines with eruption disturbances. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 40 (4), 351-361. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00674.x

Cleary, Susan May, Birch, Stephen, Moshabela, Mosa and Schneider, Helen (2012). Unequal access to ART: Exploratory results from rural and urban case studies of ART use. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88 (2), 141-146. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050136

Silal, Sheetal P., Penn-Kekana, Loveday, Harris, Bronwyn, Birch, Stephen and McIntyre, Diane (2012). Exploring inequalities in access to and use of maternal health services in South Africa. Bmc Health Services Research, 12 (1) 120, 1-12. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-120

Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Birch, Stephen, MacKenzie, Adrian, Alder, Rob, Lethbridge, Lynn and Little, Lisa (2011). Eliminating the shortage of registered nurses in Canada: An exercise in applied needs-based planning. Health Policy, 105 (2-3), 192-202. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.11.009

Wilson, Donna M., Cohen, Joachim, Birch, Stephen, MacLeod, Rod, Mohankumar, Deepthi, Armstrong, Paul, Froggatt, Katherine, Francke, Anneke L., Low, Gail, McCormack, Brendan, Hollis, Vivien and Williams, Allison (2011). "No One Dies of Old Age": Implications for research, practice, and policy. Journal of Palliative Care, 27 (2), 148-156. doi: 10.1177/082585971102700211

Wilson, Donna M., Birch, Stephen, Cohen, Joachim, MacLeod, Rod, Mohankumar, Deepthi and Williams, Allison (2011). Home Care Developments in the Canadian Province of Alberta with Regionalization. Global Journal of Health Science, 3 (1), 3-8. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v3n1p3

Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Birch, Stephen, O'Brien-Pallas, Linda, Kephart, George and MacKenzie, Adrian (2011). Nursing Inputs and Outcomes of Hospital Care: An Empirical Analysis of Ontario's Acute-Care Hospitals. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 43 (1), 126-146.

Cleary, Susan, Silal, Sheetal, Birch, Stephen, Carrara, Henri, Pillay-van Wyk, Victoria, Rehle, Thomas and Schneider, Helen (2010). Equity in the use of antiretroviral treatment in the public health care system in urban South Africa. Health Policy, 99 (3), 261-266. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.016

Melnikow, Joy, Kulasingam, Shalini, Slee, Christina, Helms, L. Jay, Kuppermann, Miriam, Birch, Stephen, McGahan, Colleen E., Coldman, Andrew, Chan, Benjamin K. S. and Sawaya, George F. (2010). Surveillance after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 116 (5), 1158-1170. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f88e72

MacKenzie, Adrian, Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Birch, Stephen, Alder, Rob, Lethbridge, Lynn and Little, Lisa (2010). Letters to the editor. Nursing Leadership, 23 (3), 4-5.

Kuppermann, M., Melnikow, J., Slee, C., Tancredi, D. J., Kulasingam, S., Birch, S., Helms, L. J., Bayoumi, A. M. and Sawaya, G. F. (2010). Preferences for surveillance strategies for women treated for high-grade precancerous cervical lesions. Gynecologic Oncology, 118 (2), 108-115. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.05.002

Birch, Stephen (2010). I Dreamed a Dream: England Reduces Health Inequalities and Wins the World Cup. Health Economics, 19 (8), 881-885. doi: 10.1002/hec.1637

Birch, Stephen, Kephart, George, Murphy, Gail Tomblin, O'Brien-Pallas, Linda, Alder, Rob and MacKenzie, Adrian (2009). Health Human Resources Planning and the Production of Health: Development of an Extended Analytical Framework for Needs-Based Health Human Resources Planning. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 15 (6 Suppl), S56-S61.

Tomblin Murphy, Gail , MacKenzie, Adrian , Alder, Robert , Birch, Stephen , Kephart, George and O’Brien-Pallas, Linda (2009). An applied simulation model for estimating the supply of and requirements for registered nurses based on population health needs. Policy, Politics and Nursing Practice, 10 (4), 240-251. doi: 10.1177/1527154409358777

Murphy, Gail Tomblin, Kephart, George, Lethbridge, Lynn, O'Brien-Pallas, Linda and Birch, Stephen (2009). Planning for what? Challenging the assumptions of health human resources planning. Health Policy, 92 (2-3), 225-233. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.04.001

Walter, S. D., Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (2009). Erratum: A geometric confidence ellipse approach to the estimation of the ratio of two variables (Statistics in Medicine (2008) 27, (5956-5974)). Statistics in Medicine, 28 (21), 2723-2723. doi: 10.1002/sim.3642

Tianviwat, Sukanya, Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi and Birch, Stephen (2009). Optimizing the mix of basic dental services for Southern Thai schoolchildren based on resource consumption, service needs and parental preference. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 37 (4), 372-380. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00481.x

McIntyre, Di, Thiede, Michael and Birch, Stephen (2009). Access as a policy-relevant concept in low- and middle-income countries. Health Economics Policy and Law, 4 (2), 179-193. doi: 10.1017/S1744133109004836

Tianviwat, S., Birch, S. and Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2009). Comparison of the effects of secondary prevention in schoolchildren between hospitals with and without mobile dental services in Southern Thailand.. Journal of Oral Science , 51 (1), 97-102. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.51.97

Tianviwat, Sukanya, Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi and Birch, Stephen (2009). Estimating Unit Costs for Dental Service Delivery in Institutional and Community-Based Settings in Southern Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 21 (1), 84-93. doi: 10.1177/1010539508327246

Wilson, Donna M., Birch, Stephen, Sheps, Sam, Thomas, Roger, Justice, Christopher and MacLeod, Rod (2008). Researching a Best-Practice End-of-Life Care Model for Canada. Canadian Journal On Aging-Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 27 (4), 319-330. doi: 10.3138/cja.27.4.319

Walter, S. D., Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (2008). A geometric confidence ellipse approach to the estimation of the ratio of two variables. Statistics in Medicine, 27 (28), 5956-5974. doi: 10.1002/sim.3398

Melnikow, Joy, Birch, Stephen, Slee, Christina, McCarthy, Theodore J., Helms, L. Jay and Kuppermann, Miriam (2008). Tamoxifen for breast cancer risk reduction - Impact of alternative approaches to quality-of-life adjustment on cost-effectiveness analysis. Medical Care, 46 (9), 946-953. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318179250f

Leake, J. L. and Birch, S. (2008). Public policy and the market for dental services. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 36 (4), 287-295. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2008.00438.x

Thomas R., Wilson D.M., Justice C., Birch S. and Sheps S. (2008). A literature review of preferences for end-of-life care in developed countries by individuals with different cultural affiliations and ethnicity. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 10 (3), 142-161. doi: 10.1097/01.NJH.0000306740.10636.64

Tianviwat, Sukanya, Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi and Birch, Stephen (2008). Prevention versus cure: Measuring parental preferences for sealants and fillings as treatments for childhood caries in Southern Thailand. Health Policy, 86 (1), 64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.09.016

Gafni, A., Walter, S. D., Birch, S. and Sendi, P. (2008). An opportunity cost approach to sample size calculation in cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Economics, 17 (1), 99-107. doi: 10.1002/hec.1244

Tianviwat S., Chongsuvivatwong V. and Birch S. (2008). Different dental care setting: Does income matter?. Health economics, 17 (1), 109-118. doi: 10.1002/hec.1237

Birch S., Haas M., Savage E. and Van Gool K. (2007). Targeting services to reduce social inequalities in utilisation: An analysis of breast cancer screening in New South Wales. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy , 4 (1) 12, 12. doi: 10.1186/1743-8462-4-12

Wilson, Donna M., Truman, Corinne, Huang, Joe, Sheps, Sam, Birch, Stephen, Thomas, Roger and Noseworthy, Tom (2007). Home care evolution in Alberta: how have palliative clients fared?. Healthcare Policy, 2 (4), 58-69.

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2007). Being naughty about NICE? Questioning the methods used to maximize health gains from NHS resources Reply. Health Economics Policy and Law, 2 (2), 217-221. doi: 10.1017/S1744133107004045

Walter, S. D., Gafni, Amiram and Birch, Stephen (2007). Estimation, power and sample size calculations for stochastic cost and effectiveness analysis. Pharmacoeconomics, 25 (6), 455-466. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200725060-00002

Birch, Stephen, Kephart, George, Tomblin-Murphy, Gail, O'Brien-Pallas, Linda, Alder, Rob and MacKenzie, Adrian (2007). Human resources planning and the production of health: A needs-based analytical framework. Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques, 33 (Supplement 1), S1-S16. doi: 10.3138/9R62-Q0V1-L188-1406

Birch S. and Gafni A. (2007). Economists' dream or nightmare? Maximizing health gains from available resources using the NICE guidelines. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 2 (2), 193-202. doi: 10.1017/S1744133107004057

Gafni, Amiram and Birch, Stephen (2007). Building bridges between academic research and policy formulation: When costing less means costing more. Pharmacoeconomics, 25 (6), 523-528. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200725060-00007

Birch, Stephen and Bourgeault, Ivy Lynn (2007). Health human resources policy in the 21st century: Addressing the complexities of who does what in a Canadian context Les ressources humaines en santé au XXIe siècle: Une question complexe abordée dans le contexte Canadien. Canadian Public Policy, 33 (SUPPL.), Siii-Sv. doi: 10.3138/R532-1214-1766-6245

Melnikow, Joy, Kuenneth, Christina, Helms, L. Jay, Barnato, Amber, Kupperman, Miriam, Birch, Stephen and Nuovo, James (2006). Chemoprevention: drug pricing and mortality. Cancer, 107 (5), 950-958. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22075

Kumar, M, Birch, S, Maturana, A and Gafni, A (2006). Economic evaluation of HIV screening in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in India. Health Policy, 77 (2), 233-243. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.014

Gafni, A and Birch, S (2006). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs): The silence of the lambda. Social Science & Medicine, 62 (9), 2091-2100. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.023

Leake, JL, Birch, S, Main, PA and Ho, E (2006). Is regular visiting associated with lower costs? Analyzing service utilization patterns in the first nations population in Canada. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 66 (2), 116-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2006.tb02566.x

Melnikow, J and Birch, S (2006). Human papillomavirus triage of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: Cost-effective, but at what cost?. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98 (2), 82-83. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj035

Birch S. and Gafni A. (2006). The biggest bang for the buck or bigger bucks for the bang: The fallacy of the cost-effectiveness threshold. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 11 (1), 46-51. doi: 10.1258/135581906775094235

Sendi, Pedram, Gafni, Amiram and Birch, Stephen (2005). Ethical economics and cost-effectiveness analysis: is it ethical to ignore opportunity costs?. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research, 5 (6), 661-5. doi: 10.1586/14737167.5.6.661

Law, Mary, Majnemer, Annette, McColl, Mary Ann, Bosch, Jackie, Hanna, Steven, Wilkins, Seanne, Birch, Stephen, Telford, Jessica and Stewart, Debra (2005). Home and community occupational therapy for children and youth: a before and after study. Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie, 72 (5), 289-97. doi: 10.1177/000841740507200505

Odoi A., Wray R., Emo M., Birch S., Hutchison B., Eyles J. and Abernathy T. (2005). Inequalities in neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: Potential evidence-base for neighbourhood health planning. International Journal of Health Geographics , 4 (1) 20, 20. doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-4-20

Leake, JL, Birch, S, Main, PA and Ho, E (2005). Developing management information from an administrative database of dental services: Identifying factors that influence costs. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 65 (3), 153-159. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2005.tb02805.x

Veenstra, G, Luginaah, I, Wakefield, S, Birch, S, Eyles, J and Elliott, S (2005). Who you know, where you live: social capital, neighbourhood and health. Social Science & Medicine, 60 (12), 2799-2818. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.013

Birch, S, Jerrett, M, Wilson, K, Law, M, Elliott, S and Eyles, J (2005). Heterogeneities in the production of health: smoking, health status and place. Health Policy, 72 (3), 301-310. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.09.003

Keyzer, JF, Melnikow, J, Kuppermann, M, Birch, S, Kuenneth, C, Nuovo, J, Azari, R, Oto-Kent, D and Rooney, M (2005). Recruitment strategies for minority participation: Challenges and cost lessons from the power interview. Ethnicity & Disease, 15 (3), 395-406.

Melnikow, J, Paterniti, D, Azari, R, Kuenneth, C, Birch, S, Kuppermann, M, Nuovo, J, Keyzer, J and Henderson, S (2005). Preferences of women evaluating risks of tamoxifen (POWER) study of preferences for tamoxifen for breast cancer risk reduction. Cancer, 103 (10), 1996-2005. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20981

Birch S. and Anderson R. (2005). Financing and delivering oral health care: What can we learn from other countries?. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association , 71 (4).

Minore, Bruce, Boone, Margaret, Katt, Mae, Kinch, Peggy, Birch, Stephen and Mushquash, Christopher (2005). The Effects of Nursing Turnover on Continuity of Care in Isolated First Nation Communities. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 37 (1), 86-100.

Birch, S and Gafni, A (2005). Achievements and challenges of medicare in Canada: Are we there yet? Are we on course?. International Journal of Health Services, 35 (3), 443-463. doi: 10.2190/RWA1-C3PB-0KY4-HBUT

Kothari, A, Birch, S and Charles, C (2005). "Interaction" and research utilisation in health policies and programs: does it work?. Health Policy, 71 (1), 117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.03.010

Dolovich, LR, Nair, KM, Ciliska, DK, Lee, HN, Birch, S, Gafni, A and Hunt, DL (2004). The Diabetes Continuity of Care Scale: the development and initial evaluation of a questionnaire that measures continuity of care from the patient perspective. Health & Social Care in the Community, 12 (6), 475-487. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2004.00517.x

Minore B., Boone M., Katt M., Kinch P. and Birch S. (2004). Addressing the realties of health care in northern aboriginal communities through participatory action research. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 18 (4), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/13561820400011784

Kothari, AR and Birch, S (2004). Individual and regional determinants of mammography uptake. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 95 (4), 290-294.

Birch, Stephen (2004). Charging the patient to save the system? Like bailing water with a sieve. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 170 (12), 1812-3.

Birch, S, Sohn, W, Ismail, AI, Lepkowski, JM and Belli, RF (2004). Willingness to pay for dentin regeneration in a sample of dentate adults. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 32 (3), 210-216. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00156.x

Birch, S (2004). Charging the patient to save the system? - Like bailing water with a sieve. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170 (12), 1812-1813. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1040699

Sendi, P, Al, MJ, Gafni, A and Birch, S (2004). Portfolio theory and the alternative decision rule of cost-effectiveness analysis: theoretical and practical considerations. Social Science & Medicine, 58 (10), 1853-1855. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.001

Kothari, A.R. and Birch, S. (2004). Multilevel Health promotion research: conceptual and analytical considerations. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 36 (1), 56-75.

Ismail, AI, Birch, S, Sohn, W, Lepkowski, JM and Belli, RF (2004). Utilities of dentin regeneration among insured and uninsured adults. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 32 (1), 55-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00127.x

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2004). The 'NICE' approach to technology assessment: an economics perspective. Health Care Management Science, 7 (1), 35-41. doi: 10.1023/B:HCMS.0000005396.69890.48

Gafni, A and Birch, S (2004). The NICE reference case requirement - More pain for what, if any, gain?. Pharmacoeconomics, 22 (4), 271-273. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200422040-00006

Birch, S, Melnikow, J and Kuppermann, M (2003). Conservative versus aggressive follow up of mildly abnormal Pap smears: Testing for process utility. Health Economics, 12 (10), 879-884. doi: 10.1002/hec.783

Birch S., O'Brien-Pallas L., Alksnis C., Murphy G.T. and Thomson D. (2003). Beyond demographic change in human resources planning: An extended framework and application to nursing. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy , 8 (4), 225-229. doi: 10.1258/135581903322403290

Altmayer C.A., Hutchison B.G., Torrance-Rynard V.L., Hurley J., Birch S. and Eyles J.D. (2003). Geographic disparity in premature mortality in Ontorio, 1992-1996. International Journal of Health Geographics , 2 (1) 7, 7. doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-2-7

McGregor, Maurice, Gafni, Amiram and Birch, Stephen (2003). Should cost-effectiveness take the blame? [9] (multiple letters). CMAJ, 168 (12), 1528-1529.

Birch, S and Gafni, A (2003). Economics and the evaluation of health care programmes: Generalisability of methods and implications for generalisability of results. Health Policy, 64 (2), 207-219. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8510(02)00182-3

Jerrett, M, Eyles, J, Dufournaud, C and Birch, S (2003). Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: An exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57 (5), 334-338. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.5.334

Gafni, A and Birch, S (2003). Inclusion of drugs in provincial drug benefit programs: Should "reasonable decisions" lead to uncontrolled growth in expenditures?. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 168 (7), 849-851.

Birch, S and Donaldson, C (2003). Valuing the benefits and costs of health care programmes: Where's the 'extra' in extra-welfarism?. Social Science & Medicine, 56 (5), 1121-1133. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00101-6

Sendi P., Al M.J., Gafni A. and Birch S. (2003). Optimizing a portfolio of health care programs in the presence of uncertainty and constrained resources. Social Science and Medicine, 57 (11), 2207-2215. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00086-8

Gafni, Amiram, Birch, Stephen, NICE and National Health Service (2003). NICE methodological guidelines and decision making in the National Health Service in England and Wales. PharmacoEconomics, 21 (3), 149-57. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200321030-00001

Beland, F, Birch, S and Stoddart, G (2002). Unemployment and health: Contextual-level influences on the production of health in populations. Social Science & Medicine, 55 (11), 2033-2052. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00344-6

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2002). Economics and the evaluation of vaccination programmes: the importance of context. Vaccines: Children and Practice, 5 (2), 38-42.

Melnikow, J, Kuppermann, M, Birch, S, Chan, BKS and Nuovo, J (2002). Management of the low-grade abnormal Pap smear: What are women's preferences?. Journal of Family Practice, 51 (10), 849-855.

Melnikow, Joy, Kuppermann, Miriam, Birch, Stephen, Chan, Benjamin K S and Nuovo, Jim (2002). Management of the low-grade abnormal Pap smear: What are women's preferences?. The Journal of family practice, 51 (10), 849-55.

Birch, S and Gafni, A (2002). On being NICE in the UK: guidelines for technology appraisal for the NHS in England and Wales. Health Economics, 11 (3), 185-191. doi: 10.1002/hec.706

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2002). On being NICE in the UK: guidelines for technology appraisal for the NHS in England and Wales. Health economics, 11 (3), 185-91.

Birch, S and Ismail, AI (2002). Patient preferences and the measurement of utilities in the evaluation of dental technologies. Journal of Dental Research, 81 (7), 446-450. doi: 10.1177/154405910208100702

Donaldson, C, Birch, S and Gafni, A (2002). The distribution problem in economic evaluation: Income and the valuation of costs and consequences of health care programmes. Health Economics, 11 (1), 55-70. doi: 10.1002/hec.642

Sendi, P., Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (2002). Opportunity costs and uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care interventions. Health Economics, 11 (1), 23-31. doi: 10.1002/hec.641

O’Brien-Pallas, Linda, Birch, Stephen, Baumann, Andrea and Tomblin Murphy, Gail (2001). Integrating workforce planning, human resources and service planning. Human Resources Development Journal, 5 (1-3), 1-15.

Birch, S (2001). Commentary: Social inequalities in health, social epidemiology and social value. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30 (2), 294-296. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.2.294

Gillett, J, Hutchison, B and Birch, S (2001). Capitation and primary care in Canada: Financial incentives and the evolution of health service organizations. International Journal of Health Services, 31 (3), 583-603. doi: 10.2190/2FEN-AQKK-LCEV-7KU5

Luginaah I., Jerrett M., Elliott S., Eyles J., Parizeau K., Birch S., Abernathy T., Veenstra G., Hutchinson B. and Giovis C. (2001). Health profiles of Hamilton: Spatial characterisation of neighbourhoods for health investigations. GeoJournal, 53 (2), 135-147. doi: 10.1023/A:1015724619845

Birch, S. (2001). Health human resource planning for the new millennium: inputs in the production of health, illness, and recovery in populations.. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 33 (4), 109-114.

O’Brien-Pallas, L., Baumann, A., Birch, S. and Tomblin Murphy, G. (2000). Health human resource planning in home care. HealthcarePapers, 1 (4), 53-59. doi: 10.12927/hcpap..17351

Birch, S, Jerrett, M and Eyles, J (2000). Heterogeneity in the determinants of health and illness: The example of socioeconomic status and smoking. Social Science & Medicine, 51 (2), 307-317. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00455-4

Keith, PK, Haddon, J and Birch, S (2000). A cost-benefit analysis using a willingness-to-pay questionnaire of intranasal budesonide for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology, 84 (1), 55-62. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62741-X

Hutchison B., Hurley J., Birch S., Lomas J., Walter S.D., Eyles J. and Stratford-Devai F. (2000). Needs-based primary medical care capitation: Development and evaluation of alternative approaches. Health Care Management Science, 3 (2), 89-99.

Birch, S. (1999). The 39 steps: the mystery of health inequalities in the UK. Health Economics, 8 (4), 301-308. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199906)8:4<301::AID-HEC446>3.0.CO;2-T

Birch, Stephen (1999). Life without disease: the pursuit of medical utopia. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 318 (7185), 742-742. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7185.742

Matthews, DC, Birch, S, Gafni, A and DiCenso, A (1999). Willingness to pay for periodontal therapy: Development and testing of an instrument. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 59 (1), 44-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03234.x

Matthews, D., Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (1999). Preference based measures in dentistry: a review of the literature and recommendations for research. Community Dental Health, 16 (1), 5-11.

Birch, S (1999). Workshop. 1: Appraising the methods for economic evaluation. PharmacoEconomics, 16 Suppl 1, 91-3. doi: 10.2165/00019053-199916001-00012

Birch, S., Gafni, A., Markham, B., Marriott, M., Lewis, D. and Main, P. (1998). Health years equivalents as a measurement of preferences for dental interventions. Community Dental Health, 15 (4), 233-242.

Birch, S, Stoddart, G and Beland, F (1998). Modelling the community as a determinant of health. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 89 (6), 402-405.

Birch, Stephen, Stoddart, Greg and Béland, Francois (1998). Modelling the community as a determinant of health. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 89 (6), 402-405.

Hutchison, B, Birch, S, Evans, CE, Goldsmith, LJ, Markham, BA, Frank, J and Paterson, M (1998). Selective opportunistic screening for hypercholesterolemia in primary care practice. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51 (10), 817-825. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00068-7

Hutchison, B., Birch, S., Evans, C.E., Goldsmith, L.J., Markham, B.A., Frank, J. and Paterson, M. (1998). Screening for hypercholesterolaemia in primary care: randomised controlled trial of postal questionnaire appraising risk of coronary heart disease. BMJ, 316 (7139), 1208-1213.

Kothari, Anita and Birch, Stephen (1998). Concepts of rigour and implications for health services research. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 3 (2), 121-123. doi: 10.1177/135581969800300211

Hutchison, B., Birch, S., Evans, C.E., Goldsmith, L.J., Markham, B.A., Frank, J. and Paterson, M. (1998). Screening for hypocholesterolemia in primary care practice: Randomized controlled trial of a mailed coronary assessment questionnaire. BMJ, 316 (7139), 1208-1213. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1208

Newbold, K. Bruce, Eyles, John, Birch, Stephen and Spencer, Anne (1998). Allocating resources in health care: Alternative approaches to measuring needs in resource allocation formula in Ontario. Health & Place, 4 (1), 79-89. doi: 10.1016/S1353-8292(97)00025-7

Birch, S., Gafni, A., Markham, B., Marriott, M., Lewis, D. and Main, P. (1998). Health years equivalents as a measure of preferences for alternative dental interventions in the general population. Community Dental Health, 15, 233-242.

Birch, S (1997). As a matter of fact: Evidence-based decision-making unplugged. Health Economics, 6 (6), 547-559. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199711)6:6<547::AID-HEC307>3.0.CO;2-P

Markham, B., Hutchison, B., Birch, S., Goldsmith, L. and Evans, E. (1997). Casting the screening net: separating the big fish from the little fish. Health Policy, 42 (2), 171-184. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8510(97)00067-5

Hurley, Jeremiah, Birch, Stephen, Stoddart, Greg and Torrance, George (1997). Medical necessity, benefit and resource allocation in health care. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 2 (4), 223-230. doi: 10.1177/135581969700200407

Gafni, A and Birch, S (1997). QALYS and HYEs spotting the differences. Journal of Health Economics, 16 (5), 601-608. doi: 10.1016/S0167-6296(96)00527-9

Hutchison, BG, Hurley, J, Birch, S, Lomas, J and StratfordDevai, F (1997). Defining the practice population in fee-for-service practice. Health Services Research, 32 (1), 55-70.

Lavis J.N. and Birch S. (1997). The answer is ......., now what was the question? Applying alternative approaches to estimating nurse requirements.. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, 10 (1), 24-44.

Markham, B. and Birch, S. (1997). Alternative approaches to estimating nurse requirements. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, 7-23.

Markham, B. and Birch, S. (1997). Back to the future: a framework for estimating health-care human resource requirements. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, 10 (1), 7-23.

Birch, S., Eyles, J. and Newbold, K.B. (1996). Proxies for healthcare need among populations: Validation of alternatives - a study in Quebec. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50 (5), 564-569. doi: 10.1136/jech.50.5.564

Birch, S., Leake, J.L. and Lewis, D.W. (1996). Economic issues in the development and use of practice guidelines: an application to resource allocation in dentistry. Community Dental Health, 13 (2), 70-75.

Birch, S., Hall, J. and Haas, M. (1996). Creating health gains or widening gaps: the role of health outcomes. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 6 (1), 4-6.

Hutchison, B., Birch, S., Hurley, J., Lomas, J. and Stratford-Devai, F. (1996). Do physician-payment mechanisms affect hospital utilization? A study of Health Service Organizations in Ontario. CMAJ, 154 (5), 653-61.

Hutchison, B., Birch, S., Hurley, J., Lomas, J. and Stratford-Devai, F. (1996). Effect of a financial incentive to reduce hospital utilization in capitated primary care practice. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 154, 653-661.

O'Byrne, Paul, Cuddy, Lauren, Wayne Taylor, D., Birch, Stephen, Morris, Joanne and Syrotuik, Jerry (1996). Efficacy and cost benefit of inhaled corticosteroids in patients considered to have mild asthma in primary care practice. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 3 (3), 169-175. doi: 10.1155/1996/105967

Eyles, J., Birch, S. and Newbold, K.B. (1995). Delivering the goods? Access to family physician services in Canada: a comparison of 1985 and 1991. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36 (4), 322-332. doi: 10.2307/2137322

Abelson, J., Lomas, J., Eyles, J., Birch, S. and Veenstra, G. (1995). Does the community want devolved authority? Results from deliberative polling in Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153 (4), 403-412.

Abelson, Julia, Lomas, Jonathan, Eyles, John, Birch, Stephen and Veenstra, Gerry (1995). Does the community want devolved authority? Results of deliberative polling in Ontario. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 153 (4), 403-412.

Hurley, J, Birch, S and Eyles, J (1995). Geographically-Decentralized Planning and Management in Health-Care - Some Informational Issues and Their Implications for Efficiency. Social Science & Medicine, 41 (1), 3-11. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00283-Y

Newbold, KB, Eyles, J and Birch, S (1995). Equity in Health-Care - Methodological Contributions to the Analysis of Hospital Utilization Within Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 40 (9), 1181-1192. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00229-M

Gafni, A and Birch, S (1995). Preferences for Outcomes in Economic-Evaluation - An Economic-Approach to Addressing Economic-Problems. Social Science & Medicine, 40 (6), 767-776. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)E0109-6

Birch, S and Gafni, A (1995). Ethical Dimensions of Health Technology-Assessment - Being Economic with Economic-Principles. International Journal of Technology Management, 60-72.

Leake, J.L., Birch, S. and Lewis, D.W. (1994). Technology assessment in dentistry. Canadian Dental Association Journal, 60 (12), 1066-1070.

Newbold, K, Birch, Stephen and Eyles, John (1994). Access to family physician services in Canada: a tale of two provinces. The Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 17 (3), 311-328.

Eyles, J, Birch, S and Chambers, S (1994). Fair Shares for the Zone - Allocating Health-Care Resources for the Native Populations of the Sioux Lookout Zone, Northern Ontario. Canadian Geographer-Geographe Canadien, 38 (2), 134-150. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1994.tb01671.x

Birch, S and Gafni, A (1994). Cost-Effectiveness Ratios - in a League of Their Own. Health Policy, 28 (2), 133-141. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(94)90031-0

Eyles, J., Birch, S. and Newbold B. (1994). Equity and health care: analysis of the relationship between need for care and the utilization of nursing services in Canada. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 25 (4), 27-46.

Lawrence V.A., Birch S. and Gafni A. (1994). The Impact of New Clinical Guidelines on the North American Blood Economy. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 8 (4), 232-241. doi: 10.1016/S0887-7963(94)70115-2

Gafni, A, Birch, S and Mehrez, A (1993). Economics, Health and Health Economics - Hyes Versus Qalys. Journal of Health Economics, 12 (3), 325-339. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(93)90015-7

Gafni, A., Birch, S. and Mehrez, A. (1993). Economics, health and health economics: HYEs (healthy-years equivalent) versus QALYs (quality-adjusted live-year). Journal of Health Economics, 12 (3), 325-39.

Birch, Stephen and Chambers, Shelley (1993). To each according to need: a community-based approach to allocating health care resources. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 149 (5), 607-612.

Birch, Stephen, Eyles, John and Newbold, K. Bruce (1993). Equitable access to health care: methodological extensions to the analysis of physician utilization in Canada. Health Economics, 2 (2), 87-101. doi: 10.1002/hec.4730020203

Birch, S, Eyles, J, Hurley, J, Hutchison, B and Chambers, S (1993). A Needs-Based Approach to Resource-Allocation in Health-Care. Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques, 19 (1), 68-85. doi: 10.2307/3551791

Eyles, J and Birch, S (1993). A Population Needs-Based Approach to Health-Care Resource-Allocation and Planning in Ontario - a Link Between Policy Goals and Practice. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 84 (2), 112-117.

Gafni, A and Birch, S (1993). Searching for a Common Currency - Critical-Appraisal of the Scientific Basis Underlying European Harmonization of the Measurement of Health Related Quality-of-Life (Euroqol(C)). Health Policy, 23 (3), 219-228. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(93)90059-X

Birch, S and Abelson, J (1993). Is Reasonable Access What We Want - Implications Of, and Challenges To, Current Canadian Policy On Equity in Health-Care. International Journal of Health Services, 23 (4), 629-653. doi: 10.2190/K18V-T33F-1VC4-14RM

Gafni, A. and Birch, S. (1993). Guidelines for the adoption of new technology: a potential prescription for uncontrolled growth in expenditures and how to avoid it. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 148, 913-917.

Birch, S. and Chambers, S. (1993). To each according to their needs: a community-based approach to resource allocation in health care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 149, 607-612.

Abelson, J. and Birch, S. (1993). Alternative funding and delivery models: practice and prospects in Ontario. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 16, 19-29.

Birch, S and Gafni, A (1993). Changing the problem to fit the solution: Johannesson and Weinstein's (mis) application of economics to real world problems. Journal of Health Economics, 12 (4), 469-476. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(93)90006-Z

Birch, S and Gafni, A (1992). Cost-Effectiveness Utility Analyses - Do Current Decision Rules Lead Us to Where We Want to Be. Journal of Health Economics, 11 (3), 279-296. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(92)90004-K

Gafni, A and Birch, S (1991). Equity Considerations in Utility-Based Measures of Health Outcomes in Economic Appraisals - An Adjustment Algorithm. Journal of Health Economics, 10 (3), 329-342. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(91)90033-J

Eyles, J, Birch, S, Chambers, S, Hurley, J and Hutchison, B (1991). A Needs-Based Methodology for Allocating Health-Care Resources in Ontario, Canada - Development and An Application. Social Science & Medicine, 33 (4), 489-500. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90331-6

Ryan, M and Birch, S (1991). Charging for Health-Care - Evidence On the Utilization of Nhs Prescribed Drugs. Social Science & Medicine, 33 (6), 681-687. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90022-5

Wall, R., Birch, S. and Mcquillin, M. (1991). Economic Evaluation of Alternative Programs of Reduced-Stay Senile Cataract Surgery. Canadian Journal on Aging, 10 (2), 149-164. doi: 10.1017/S0714980800005213

Birch, S. (1991). Uncertainty in funding: implications for health service managers. Social Policy and Administration, 25, 300-310.

Birch, Stephen (1991). Health care funding. Social Policy and Administration, 25 (4), 300-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.1991.tb00364.x

Birch, Stephen and Stoddart, Greg (1990). Promoting healthy behaviour: the importance of economic analysis in policy formulation for AIDS prevention. Health Policy, 16 (3), 187-197. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(90)90420-I

Birch, S. (1990). The relative cost effectiveness of water fluoridation across communities: analysis of variations according to underlying caries levels. Community Dental Health, 7 (1), 3-10.

Thomas, K, Birch, S, Milner, P, Nicholl, J, Westlake, L and Williams, B (1989). Estimates of General-Practitioner Workload - a Review. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 39 (329), 509-513.

Birch, S (1989). Health-Care Charges - Lessons From the Uk. Health Policy, 13 (2), 145-157. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(89)90069-9

Birch, S (1989). Health care charges: lessons from the U.K. Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 13 (2), 145-57.

Birch, S. (1989). Hypothesis: charges to patients impair the quality of dental care for elderly people. Age and Ageing, 18 (2), 136-140. doi: 10.1093/ageing/18.2.136

Milner, P., Birch, S., Nicholl, J., Westlake, L., Williams, B., Ross, B. and Johnson, A. (1989). The evaluation of lithotripsy as a treatment for gallstones: a randomised control trial approach in England. Journal of Lithotripsy and Stone Disease, 12, 122-132.

Birch, S (1988). Item of Service Remuneration in General-Practice in the Uk - What Can We Learn From Dentists. Family Practice, 5 (4), 265-270. doi: 10.1093/fampra/5.4.265

Birch, S (1988). Item of service remuneration in general practice in the UK: what can we learn from dentists?. Family practice, 5 (4), 265-70.

Birch, Stephen (1988). DRGs U.K. style: a comparison of U.K. and U.S. policies for hospital cost containment and their implications for health status. Health Policy, 10 (2), 143-154. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(88)90003-6

Birch, S. (1988). DRGs U.K. style: a comparison of U.K. and U.S. policies for hospital cost containment and their implications for health status. Health Policy, 10 (2), 143-54.

Mays, Nicholas, Johnson, A. G., Ross, B., Milner, P. C. and Birch, S. (1988). Gallstone lithotripsy. The Lancet, 332 (8608), 457-458. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90451-5

Birch, S (1988). The Identification of Supplier-Inducement in a Fixed Price System of Health-Care Provision - the Case of Dentistry in the United-Kingdom. Journal of Health Economics, 7 (2), 129-150. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(88)90012-4

Birch, S. (1988). Charges for preventive services. Lancet, 1 (8579), 245-245.

Maynard, A. and Birch, S. (1988). Hospital and community health service costs: England and Scotland compared. British Medical Journal, 296 (6618), 360-361.

Birch, S. (1988). Market forces and market failure in the General Dental Service: the efficiency and equity implications of manpower redistribution. Community Dental Health, 5 (2), 95-111.

Birch, S. and Maynard, A. (1987). The regional distribution of family practitioner services: implications for National Health Service equity and efficiency. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 37 (305), 537-539.

Birch, S. and Donaldson, C. (1987). Applications of cost-benefit analysis to health care. Departures from welfare economic theory. Journal of Health Economics, 6 (3), 211-225. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(87)90009-9

Rosser, R. M., Birch, S., Bond, H., Denford, J. and Schachter, J. (1987). Five-year follow up of patients treated with inpatient psychotherapy at the Cassel Hospital for Nervous Diseases. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 80 (9), 549-555.

Birch, S. (1987). Regional differences in the supply of dental care under the general dental service. Hospital and Health Services Review, 83 (4), 155-157.

Birch, S and Donaldson, C (1987). Cost-Benefit-Analysis - Dealing with the Problems of Indivisible Projects and Fixed Budgets. Health Policy, 7 (1), 61-72. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(87)90047-9

Birch, S. (1986). Measuring dental health: improvements on the DMF index. Community Dental Health, 3 (4), 303-311.

Birch, S. (1986). Prescription charges. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 36 (291), 473-473.

Birch, S. (1986). Relationship between increasing prescription charges and consumption in groups not exempt from charges. Journal of The Royal College of General Practitioners, 36 (285), 154-156.

Birch, S. (1986). Increasing patient charges in the National Health Service: a method of privatizing primary care. Journal of Social Policy, 15 (02), 163-184. doi: 10.1017/S0047279400001653

Gazet, J. C., Basco, V. E., Coppin, C. M.L., Rebbeck, P. M., Daly, Michael J., Wong, Wilson, Pike, M. C., Coleman, M. P., Milner, Philip, Johnson, Ian, Birch, Stephen, Williams, Brian, Simpson, H. W. and Candlish, W. (1986). Tamoxifen prophylaxis. The Lancet, 327 (8475), 263-265. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90792-0

Birch, Stephen and Maynard, Alan (1986). Performance indicators and performance assessment in the UK National Health Service: implications for management and planning. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 1 (2), 143-156. doi: 10.1002/hpm.4740010206

Birch, S. (1986). Measuring dental health: the inadequacies of the DMF index. Community Dental Health, 3, 303-311.

Birch, S. (1985). NHS patient charges and the privatisation of dental care. British Dental Journal, 159 (11), 377-378. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4805733

Williams, B.T. and Birch, S. (1985). Impact of nationwide anti-smoking campaign. Lancet, 326 (8460), 890-890.

Birch, Stephen and Maynard, Alan (1985). Dental manpower. Social Policy and Administration, 19 (3), 199-217. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.1985.tb00235.x

Birch, S. (1985). Contracting out. Tread carefully: private waters. Health and Social Service Journal, 95 (4951), 710-711.

Birch, S. (1985). Patient charges. Prescription for privatisation. Health and Social Service Journal, 95 (4947), 576-577.

Birch, S (1985). Equity and Efficiency in Medical Manpower-Planning - Defining Objectives and Looking Towards the Future. Health Policy, 4 (4), 341-346. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(85)90015-6

Culyer, A.J. and Birch, S. (1985). Caring for the elderly - a European perspective on today and tomorrow. Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law, 10 (3), 469-487. doi: 10.1215/03616878-10-3-469

Birch, S. (1985). Policy implications of contracting out care: The case of total hip replacements. Hospital and Health Services Review, 81 (6), 281-284.

Birch, S (1985). Equity and efficiency in medical manpower planning: defining objectives and looking towards the future. Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 4 (4), 341-6.

Birch, Stephen and Gafni, Amiram (2006). Information created to evade reality (ICER) - Things we should not look to for answers. ADIS INTERNATIONAL LTD. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200624110-00008

Birch, S, Gafni, A and O'Brien, B (1999). Willingness to pay and the valuation of programmes for the prevention and control of influenza. Symposium on Socioeconomics of Influenza and its Control Measures (ESWI), Geneva Switzerland, Oct, 1998. doi: 10.2165/00019053-199916001-00008

Williams, B., Johnson, A., Ross, B., Milner, P., Birch, S. and Nicholl, J. (1988). Evaluation of lithotripsy as a treatment for gallstones. The randomized controlled trial approach in England. First International Symposium on Biliary Lithotripsy, Boston, MA, United States, 11-13 July 1988.

Jetten, Jolanda, Birch, Stephen, Gilks, Charles, Ananian-Welsh, Rebecca, Burgh, Gilbert and Thorpe, Karen (2020, 12 15). Preserve and protect: how far should governments go in restricting people’s freedoms in the name of public health? Contact Magazine

Tuffaha, Haitham, Birch, Stephen and Oakley, Padraig (2022). Assessing the impact of clinical trials: a scoping literature review. Melbourne, VIC Australia: Australian Clinical Trials Alliance.

Tuffaha, Haitham and Birch, Stephen (2022). A pilot study to prospectively estimate the health and economic return on research investment. Melbourne, VIC Australia: Australian Clinical Trials Alliance.

Tuffaha, Haitham and Birch, Stephen (2021). Estimating the return on investment of a randomised controlled trial on telehealth-based medical nutrition intervention in rural and regional Australia. Armidale, NSW, Australia: Spinifex Network.

SEDENTEXCT consortium, Horner, Keith, Lindh, Christina, Birch, Stephen and Christell, Helena (2012). Cone Beam CT for Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology: Evidence Based Guidelines, Radiation Protection Publication 172. Luxembourg: European Commission.

Professor Stephen Birch

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